table D-3 Frame

<body stylesrc="appd_d_tab3_nfr.html" background="tile007.jpg" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  <h1 align="center"><font size="5"><b>TABLE D-3: MATRIX CHARACTERISTICS: MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES AND POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON TREATMENT COST OR PERFORMANCE</b></font></h1> <hr> <p align="center"><MAP NAME="FrontPageMap"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="22, 0, 107, 55" HREF="appd_d_tab2_nfr.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="106, 0, 203, 55" HREF="../top_page.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="202, 0, 298, 55" HREF="../section3/table3_2.pdf"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="297, 0, 394, 55" HREF="../section1/toc.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="393, 0, 491, 55" HREF="../appd_f/synonym.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="490, 0, 580, 55" HREF="appd_d_tab4_nfr.html"></MAP><a href="../../_vti_bin/shtml.exe/matrix2/appd_d/appd_d_tab3_fr.html/map"><img src="head10.gif" border="0" width="604" height="56" ismap usemap="#FrontPageMap"></a></p> <hr> <div align="center"><center> <table border="4" cellspacing="1" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Matrix Characteristics</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Measurement Procedures</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Important to Document Procedure?</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Potential Effects or Cost Performance</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Soil Types</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Soil Classification</td> <td valign="top">Soil classification is a semi-empirical measurement of sand, silt, clay, gravel, and loam content. Several soil classification schemes are in use and include the ASTM Standard D 2488-90, Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure), and the USDA and CSSC systems.</td> <td valign="top">Yes</td> <td valign="top">Soil classification is an important characteristic for assessing the effect on cost or performance of all technologies shown on Table D-1. For example, in soil vapor extraction, sandy soils are typically more amenable to treatment than clayey soils. (See related information under clay content and/or particle size distribution.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Clay Content and/or Particle Size Distribution</td> <td valign="top">Clay content and/or particle size distribution is measured using a variety of soil classification systems, including ASTM D 2488-90 under soil classification.</td> <td valign="top">Yes</td> <td valign="top">Clay and particle size distribution affect air and fluid flow through contaminated media. In slurry phase bioremediation systems, particle size affects ability to hold media in suspension. In soil washing, the particle size/contaminant concentration relationship affects potential for physical separation and volume reduction. For thermal desorption systems, clay and particle size affects mass and heat transfer, including agglomeration and carryover to air pollution control devices.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Matrix Characteristics</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Measurement Procedures</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Important to Document Procedue?</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Potential Effects or Cost Performance</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Aggregate Soil Properties</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Hydraulic Conductivity /Water Permeability</td> <td valign="top">Hydraulic conductivity/water permeability can be determined through several procedures. Hydraulic conductivity, which is a measure of the ease of water flow through soil, is typically calculated as a function of permeability or transmissivity. ASTM D 5126-90, Guide for Comparison of Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conductivity in the Vadose Zone, is a guide for determining hydraulic conductivity. Water permeability is often calculated by pumping out ground water, measuring ground water draw-down rates and recharge times through surrounding monitoring wells, and factoring in the distance between the wells and the pump. Method 9100 in EPA SW-846 is used to measure permeability, as well as several ASTM standards: D 2434-68 (1974), Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head); D 4630-86, Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test; and D 4631-86, Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the Pressure Pulse Technique.</td> <td valign="top">Yes</td> <td valign="top">This characteristic is important in ground water remediation technologies including in situ ground water bioremediation, ground water sparging, and pump and treat systems. Hydraulic conductivity and water permeability affect the zone of influence of the extraction wells and, therefore, affect the number of wells needed for the remediation effort and the cost of operating the extraction wells.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Moisture Content</td> <td valign="top">Procedures for measuring soil moisture content are relatively standardized. Soil moisture content is typically measured using a gravimetric ASTM standard, D 2216-90, Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock.</td> <td valign="top">No</td> <td valign="top">The moisture content of the matrix typically affects the performance, both directly and indirectly, of technologies including soil vapor extraction, and ex situ technologies such as stabilization, incineration, and thermal desorption. For example, air flow rates during operation of soil vapor extraction technologies are affected by moisture content of the soil. Thermal input requirements and air handling systems for incineration and desorption technologies can also be affected by soil moisture content. (Effects of moisture content on operation of technologies are discussed in Table D-4).</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Air Permeability</td> <td valign="top">Air permeability is a measure of the ease of air flow through soil and is a calculated value. For example, air permeability may be calculated by applying a vacuum to soil with a pump, measuring vacuum pressures in surrounding monitoring wells, and fitting the results to a correlation derived by Johnson et al., 1990.</td> <td valign="top">Yes</td> <td valign="top">This characteristic is important for in situ soil remediation technologies that involve venting or extraction. Air permeability affects the zone of influence of the extraction wells, and, therefore, affects the number of extraction wells needed for the remediation effort and the cost of operating the extraction wells.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">pH</td> <td valign="top">pH is a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a matrix. Procedures for measuring and reporting pH are standardized and include EPA SW-846 Method 9045 and ASTM methods for soil (ASTM D 4972-89, Test Method for pH of Soils) and ground water (ASTM D 1293-84).</td> <td valign="top">No</td> <td valign="top">The pH of the matrix can impact the solubility of contaminants and biological activity. Therefore, this characteristic can affect technologies such as soil bioventing, soil flushing, land treatment and composting and in situ ground water bioremediation. pH can also affect the operation of treatment technologies (see Table D-4). pH in the corrosive range (e.g., <2 and >12) can damage equipment and typically requires use of personal protection equipment and other special handling procedures.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Porosity</td> <td valign="top">Porosity is the volume of air- or water-filled voids in a mass of soil. Procedures for measuring and reporting porosity are standardized. Porosity is measured by ASTM D 4404-84, Test Method for Determination of the Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry</td> <td valign="top">No</td> <td valign="top">This characteristic is important for in situ technologies, such as soil bioventing, soil vapor extraction, and ground water sparging, that rely upon use of a driving force for transferring contaminants into an aqueous or air-filled space. Porosity affects the driving force and thus the performance that may be achieved by these technologies.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Transmissivity</td> <td valign="top">Transmissivity, the flow from a saturated aquifer, is the product of hydraulic conductivity and aquifer thickness.</td> <td valign="top">No - The measurement of hydraulic conductivity is important to document, because transmissivity is a product of hydraulic conductivity and aquifer thickness, it would not be necessary to document the measurement procedure for this characteristic.</td> <td valign="top">This characteristic is important for ground water pump and treat systems. Transmissivity affects the zone of influence in this type of remediation, which impacts the number of wells and the cost of operating the wells.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Matrix Characteristics</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Measurement Procedures</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Important to Document Procedue?</b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Potential Effects or Cost Performance</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Organics</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Total Organic Carbon (TOC)</td> <td valign="top">TOC is a measure of the total organic carbon content of a matrix. Measurement of TOC is standardized (e.g., Method 9060 in EPA SW-846)</td> <td valign="top">No</td> <td valign="top">TOC affects the desorption of contaminants from soil and impacts in situ soil remediation, soil washing, and in situ ground water bioremediation.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Oil & Grease (O&G) or Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)</td> <td valign="top">Procedures for measuring O&G and TPH are standardized. O&G is measured using Method 9070 in EPA SW-846, and TPH is measured using Method 9073. A TPH analysis is similar to an O&G analysis with an additional extraction step. TPH does not include nonpetroleum fractions, such as animal fats and humic and fulvic acids.</td> <td valign="top">No</td> <td valign="top">O&G and TPH affect the desorption of contaminants from soil. For thermal desorption, elevated levels of TPH may result in agglomeration of soil particles, resulting in longer residence times.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs)</td> <td valign="top">There is no standard measurement method for determining the presence of NAPLs; rather, their presence is determined by examining ground water and identifying a separate phase. The presence of NAPLs is reported as either being present or not present.</td> <td valign="top">Yes</td> <td valign="top">NAPLs may be a continuing source of contaminants for in situ technologies. NAPLs may lead to increased contaminant loads and thus to greater costs or longer operating periods for achieving cleanup goals.</td> </tr> </table> </center></div> <hr> <p align="center"><MAP NAME="FrontPageMap1"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="22, 0, 107, 55" HREF="appd_d_tab2_nfr.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="106, 0, 203, 55" HREF="../top_page.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="202, 0, 298, 55" HREF="../section3/table3_2.pdf"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="297, 0, 394, 55" HREF="../section1/toc.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="393, 0, 491, 55" HREF="../appd_f/synonym.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="490, 0, 580, 55" HREF="appd_d_tab4_nfr.html"></MAP><a href="../../_vti_bin/shtml.exe/matrix2/appd_d/appd_d_tab3_fr.html/map1"><img src="head10.gif" border="0" width="604" height="56" ismap usemap="#FrontPageMap1"></a></p> <hr>  </body>