Table D-4 Frame

<body stylesrc="appd_d_tab4_nfr.html" background="tile007.jpg" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  <h1 align="center"><font size="5"><b>TABLE D-4: OPERATING PARAMETERS: MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES AND POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON TREATMENT COST OR PERFORMANCE</b> </font></h1> <hr> <p align="center"><MAP NAME="FrontPageMap"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="22, 0, 107, 55" HREF="appd_d_tab3_nfr.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="106, 0, 203, 55" HREF="../top_page.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="202, 0, 298, 55" HREF="../section3/table3_2.pdf"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="297, 0, 394, 55" HREF="../section1/toc.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="393, 0, 491, 55" HREF="../appd_f/synonym.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="490, 0, 580, 55" HREF="../appd_e/ap_e_toc.html"></MAP><a href="../../_vti_bin/shtml.exe/matrix2/appd_d/appd_d_tab4_fr.html/map"><img src="head10.gif" border="0" width="604" height="56" ismap usemap="#FrontPageMap"></a></p> <hr> <div align="center"><center> <table border="4" cellspacing="1" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Operating Parameters</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Measurement Procedures</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Documentation Required as a Result of Method Variability?</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Potential Effects on Cost or Performance</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>System Parameters</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Air Flow Rate</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">The air flow rate is a parameter set for a vapor extraction or treatment system. The measurement of air flow rate is standardized (i.e., measured with flow meters).</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Air flow rate affects the rate of volatilization of contaminants in technologies that rely on transferring contaminants from a soil or aqueous matrix to air, such as soil bioventing, soil vapor extraction, and ground water sparging. For technologies involving oxidation processes, this parameter affects the availability of oxygen and the rate at which oxidation occurs (e.g., for biotreatment or incineration processes).</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Mixing Rate/Frequency</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Mixing rate or frequency is the rate of tilling for land treatment, the rate of turning for composting, and the rotational frequency of a mixer for slurry phase bioremediation.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">The mixing rate affects the rate of biological activity (through increased contact between oxygen and contaminants) and volatilization of contaminants.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Moisture Content</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Procedures for measuring soil moisture content are relatively standardized. Soil moisture content is typically measured using a gravimetric ASTM standard: D 2216-90, Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock. Moisture content as a treatment system operating parameter characterizes the amount of water and aqueous reagent added to the soil (for example, moisture content for slurry phase bioremediation refers to the solid to liquid ratio).</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">The moisture content affects the rate of biological activity in soil bioventing, land treatment, composting, and slurry phase bioremediation technologies. Contaminants must be in an aqueous phase for biodegradation to occur, and water is typically added to a soil to maintain a sufficient level of moisture to support biodegradation.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Operating Parameters</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Measurement Procedures</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Documentation Required as a Result of Method Variability?</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Potential Effects on Cost or Performance</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>System Parameters</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Operating Pressure/Vacuum</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Operating pressure or vacuum is measured using a pressure or vacuum gauge, such as a manometer. The measurement of this parameter is relatively standardized.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Operating pressure/vacuum affects the rate of volatilization of contaminants in technologies that rely on transferring contaminants from a soil or aqueous matrix to air, such as soil bioventing, soil vapor extraction, and ground water sparging.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">pH</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Procedures for measuring and reporting pH are standardized (e.g., Method 9045 in EPA SW-846). The pH of soil and ground water is adjusted during ex situ treatment as an operating parameter by the addition of acidic and alkaline reagents.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">pH affects the operation of technologies that involve chemical or biological processes, such as soil flushing, soil washing, and bioremediation processes. For example, in soil washing, contaminants are extracted from a matrix at specified pH ranges based on the solubility of the contaminant at that pH.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Pumping Rate</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Pumping rate is the volume of ground water extracted from the subsurface. The pumping rate is measured through a production well or treatment system using a flow meter or a bucket and stopwatch.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Pumping rate affects the amount of time required to remediate a contaminated area, and is important for technologies that involve extraction of ground water, such as soil flushing, and pump and treat.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Residence Time</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Residence time is the amount of time that a unit of material is processed in a treatment system. Residence time is measured by monitoring the length of time that a unit of soil is contained in the treatment system.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Residence time is important for ex situ technologies, such as land treatment, composting, slurry-phase soil bioremediation, incineration, and thermal desorption, to measure the amount of time during which treatment occurs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Operating Parameters</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Measurement Procedures</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Documentation Required as a Result of Method Variability?</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Potential Effects on Cost or Performance</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>System Parameters</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">System Throughput</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">System throughput is the amount of material that is processed in a treatment system per unit of time.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">System throughput affects the costs for capital equipment required for a remediation and operating labor for ex situ technologies such as slurry phase soil bioremediation, soil washing, incineration, and thermal desorption.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Temperature</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Temperature is measured using a thermometer or thermocouple.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">For bioremediation technologies, temperature affects rate of biological activity. For stabilization, incineration, and thermal desorption, temperature affects the physical properties and rate of chemical reactions of soil and contaminants.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Washing/Flushing Solution Components/Additives and Dosage</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">The components and dosages of washing and flushing solutions are site- and waste-specific "recipes" of polymers, flocculants, and coagulants. The type and concentrations of additives for a particular treatment application are determined based on site and waste characterization, treatability and performance tests, and operator experience. The actual amounts added are measured based on the volume and concentration of additive solutions metered into the treatment system.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">For soil flushing and washing technologies, the types and dosages of additives affects the solubility and rate of extraction for contaminants; and thus affects the costs for constructing and operating flushing and washing equipment.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Operating Parameters</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Measurement Procedures</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Documentation Required as a Result of Method Variability?</b></td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Potential Effects on Cost or Performance</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><b>Biological Activity</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Biomass Concentration</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Biomass concentration is the number of microorganisms per unit volume in a treated or untreated aqueous matrix. Biomass concentrations are typically measured by direct plate counts. Portable water test kits are available for field tests. Methods 10200 through 10400 from Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater are used in laboratory analyses of biomass concentration.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Yes</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Biomass concentration is an important parameter for slurry phase soil bioremediation and in situ ground water biodegradation. Biomass is necessary to effect treatment and thus the concentration of biomass is directly related to performance.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Microbial Activity Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) Carbon Dioxide Evolution Hydrocarbon Degradation</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide evolution, and hydrocarbon degradation are all used to measure the rate of biodegradation in a treatment system. Oxygen uptake is measured using ASTM D 4478-85, Standard Test Methods for Oxygen Uptake. Carbon dioxide evolution is measured with a carbon dioxide monitor. Hydrocarbon degradation is measured by sampling the influent to and effluent from the treatment system and analyzing samples for organic constituents, such as total petroleum hydrocarbons (EPA SW-846 Method 9073).</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Yes</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Microbial activity is an important parameter for soil bioventing, land treatment, composting, and slurry phase soil bioremediation technologies. Hydrocarbon degradation is commonly used as an indicator of treatment performance for these technologies, while OUR and carbon dioxide evolution are used in specific applications to supplement the hydrocarbon degradation data.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Nutrients and Other Soil Amendments</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Nutrients usually consist of nitrogen and phosphorus (and trace inorganic constituents such as calcium and magnesium), and are typically reported as a ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus. Carbon is measured as total organic carbon, with EPA SW-846 Method 9060. Nitrogen is measured as both ammonia nitrogen using ASTM D 1426-89, Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen in Water, and as nitrite-nitrate using ASTM D 3867-90, Test Method for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water. Phosphorus is measured using ASTM D 515-88, Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water. Calcium and magnesium are measured using ASTM D 511-88, Test Method for Calcium and Magnesium in Water. Other soil amendments may include bulking agents for composting (e.g., sawdust).</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Yes</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Nutrients and other soil amendments can affect soil bioventing and in situ ground water biodegradation as this parameter directly affects the rate of biological activity and, therefore, contaminant biodegradation. This is also applicable to ex situ soil remediation technologies such as land treatment, composting, and slurry phase soil bioremediation.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="25%">Soil Loading Rate</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">Soil loading rate is the amount of soil applied to a unit area of a composting system.</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">No</td> <td valign="top" width="25%">The soil loading rate affects the rate of biological activity and can impact the costs for operation</td> </tr> </table> </center></div> <hr> <p align="center"><MAP NAME="FrontPageMap1"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="22, 0, 107, 55" HREF="appd_d_tab3_nfr.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="106, 0, 203, 55" HREF="../top_page.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="202, 0, 298, 55" HREF="../section3/table3_2.pdf"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="297, 0, 394, 55" HREF="../section1/toc.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="393, 0, 491, 55" HREF="../appd_f/synonym.html"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="490, 0, 580, 55" HREF="../appd_e/ap_e_toc.html"></MAP><a href="../../_vti_bin/shtml.exe/matrix2/appd_d/appd_d_tab4_fr.html/map1"><img src="head10.gif" border="0" width="604" height="56" ismap usemap="#FrontPageMap1"></a></p> <hr>  </body>