| DOE Demo LLNL,
CA 1993 Roger D. Aines, Robin L. Newmark |
Dynamic underground stripping | Concen- trated under ground plumes | Organics | In situ injection pressure controlled to increase with depth | Combination of steam injection and 3-phase soil heating | Organics volatilized and extracted in a vapor stream | Real time monitoring is used for process control. |
| Former
Fire Training Site, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM 1997 Dr. David E. Daniel, PI 217-333-1497 dedaniel@uiuc.edu |
Radio
frequency (RF) thermal soil decon- tamination Brown and Root Environmental Oak Ridge, TN KAI Technologies, Inc. Portsmouth, NH University of Illinois |
Soils | TPH, DRO | In situ | Enhanced Soil Vapor Extraction with Radio Frequency Heating AATDF TR-98-4; TR-98-9 | ||
| Air
Force Demo Volk Field ANGB, WI 1985, 1989, 1993 Paul F. Carpenter |
Radio frequency (RF) thermal soil decon- tamination | Soils | Solvents
& volatile & semivolatile petroleum hydrocarbons 94-99% decon- tamination in 12 days |
Power source is 45 kW electric- magnetic generator | Heating, volatilization | Off gas captured at surface or through electrodes | Advantages: 1. No excavation required. 2. Equipment is portable. Limitations: 1. High moisture requires excessive power. 2. Large buried metal objects void method. |
| Groundwater
Remediation Field Labora-tory (GRFL), Dover AFB, DE 1997 Theresa Bergsman 509-376-3638 |
Six-phase
soil heating Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) Richland, WA |
Soils | DNAPLs | In situ | Six-Phase Heating™ Application Analysis Report: Aquifer Heating & DNAPL Treatment, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware– Executive Summary | ||
| DOE
Demo Hanford Reservation, WA 10/93 W.O. Heath, T.M. Bergsman |
Six-phase soil heating | Soils | VOCs | In situ Resistive heating |
6 electrodes placed around central extraction vent | Off-gases must be treated before release | Sufficient soil moisture needed near electrodes to avoid excessive drying. |
| Hill
AFB, UT 1997 Dr. Lloyd Steward 415-641-9044 |
Thermally
enhanced vapor extraction Praxis Environmental Services San Francisco, CA Dr. Lloyd Steward 415-641-9044 |
Soils | NAPLs, Chlorinated Solvents, Weathered Fuels | In situ | Steam Injection/Vacuum Extraction [An EPA SITE Program document will be produced.] | ||
| X-231A
Site, Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, OH 1997 R.L. Siegrist rsiegris@mines.edu |
Thermally
enhanced vapor extraction
ORNL/Colorado School of Mines Golden, CO |
Soils | NAPLs, DNAPLs | In situ | X-231A: A Demonstration of In-Situ Remediation of DNAPL Compounds in Low Permeability Media by Soil Fracturing with Thermally Enhanced Mass Recovery or Reactive Barrier Destruction: Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids ORNL/TM-13534 | ||
| Stroudsburg,
PA 1997 James Speight 307-721-2011 |
Themal
Enhanced Recovery Western Research Institute Laramie, WY |
Soils | Oily Wastes | In situ | Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [An EPA SITE Program document will be produced.] | ||
| DOE
Demo Sandia National Laboratory, NM Fall 1993 Darrel Bandy |
Thermally enhanced vapor extraction | Soils | VOCs | In situ Voltages: 200-1,600V Temp: 100 °C |
Resistive heating & radio frequency heating | Off gas must be treated | $15 to $20/ton depending on soil moisture and treatment temperature. |
| EPA
Demo Annex Terminal, San Pedro, CA 1989 Paul DePercin |
In situ steam & air stripping | Soil | VOCs and SVOCs. Up to 55% SVOC removal; >85% VOC removal | Treatment rate of 3 yd3/hr. Steam 450 °F 450 psig. Transportable treatment unit includes off-gas shroud & auger injection/ extraction wells. | Can also be used to treat soil w/injection of reactive chemicals | Water and air treated with carbon. Treated water recycled in process. | No downward migration of contaminants during soil treatment. |
| EPA
Demo LeMoore NAS, CA 1988 Paul DePercin |
In situ steam- enhanced extraction (SEE) | Soils above and below the water table | VOCs and SVOCs; recovery 10x greater than w/ vacuum extraction alone | Steam injected into soil | Gasoline recovery reduces treatment required at surface | Recovered contaminants are either condensed or treated with extracted air or liquid | Can be adapted to prevent downward movement of DNAPLs. |
| EPA
Demo San Fernando Valley Ground Water Basin Superfund Site, CA 1990 Norma Lewis |
Integrated Vapor Extraction & Steam Vacuum Stripping | Soil & Ground water | Organics -up
to 2.2 ppm TCE up to 11 ppm PCE Up to 99.99% removal |
In situ Ground water 1,200 gpm Soil gas 300 ft/min |
Ground water steam stripping tower and SVE of soil | Carbon should be regenerated every 8 hours | Has been in operation over 3 years. |
| EPA Demo Huntington Beach, CA 1993 Paul DePercin |
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERP) | Soils | Diesel fuel spill | In situ | Steam injection | NAPLs separated by gravity water treatment | Only low concen- trations of DNAPLs can be treated. |
| EPA
Demo Pennsylvania Power and Light, PA 1993 Eugene Harris |
Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROWtm) | Soil | Oily wastes - NAPLs, coal tar, PCP creosote, petroleum hydrocarbons | In situ | Steam/hot water displacement | Oily waste brought to surface | Biodegra- dation may follow this process. |
| Air
Force & EPA Demo Kelly AFB, TX Reinaldo Matias |
HRUBOUT® Process | Soils | VOCs & SVOCs | In situ. Operates 24 hours/day. Hydrocarbons destroyed at 1,500°F | Heated air injected below contami- nation. | Vapors to thermal oxider | Ex situ application also possible. |
| Lockheed
Aeronautical Systems Burbank, CA Norma Lewis EPA (513) 569-7665 |
Integrated ground water stripping and soil system. | Soil and Ground water | PCE 11 ppm Soil gas: Total VOC 6,000 ppm ground water: TCE 2.2 ppm 98-99.9% VOC removal | Off gas must be treated | $4.3M and $630,000 annual O&M for 1,000 gpm system | ||
| Kelly
AFB, TX Paul Carpenter |
Two pilot-scale demos of RF heating: IITRI and KAI designs | Soil | >90% VOC and SVOC removal; | Off gas must be treated | < $100/ton in shallow clay |
Sources: Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (Eighth and Tenth Editions, Nov. 1996 and Feb. 2001). Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in North America (1st and 2nd Editions, Aug 1996 and Jun 2000).