Optimized Field Sampling Procedures

Biosensors for Analytical Monitoring
Biosensors show the potential to complement both laboratory-based and field analytical methods for environmental monitoring. Kim R. Rogers and Marco Mascini, USEPA-TIO

Environmental BioSensors: A Status Report (1996)
New instruments and methods being developed show promise for continuous, in situ monitoring of toxic compounds.
Kim R. Rogers and Clare L. Gerlach. Environmental Environmental Science & Technology

Electrochemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring: A Review of Recent Technology (2004)
This report surveys important advances in electrochemical sensor technology, including amperometric or potentiometric biosensors, chemically modified electrodes, stripping-based metal sensors, and other tools for on-site field testing. USEPA/ORD
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Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study: Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum Surfaces (1999)
This case study describes a field analytical method that was used to measure PCB surficial contamination in empty drums to be cleaned by a new process.
EPA 542-R-99-003
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Sampling and Analysis Plan under PBMS
EPA defines PBMS (per performance-based measurement system) as a set of processes wherein the data needs, mandates, or limitations of a program or project are specified, and serve as criteria for selecting appropriate methods to meet those needs in a cost-effective manner.

VOC Soil Sampling, from U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)

• Soil-Vapor Versus Discrete Soil Sample Measurements for VOCs in the Near-Surface Vadose Zone Feasibility Study (1998)
  Alan D. Hewitt, Special Report 98-7
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• Estimating the Total Concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds in Soil A Decision Tool for Sample Handling (1997)
  Alan D. Hewitt and Nicole J.E. Lukash, Special Report 97-12
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• Preparing Soil Samples for Volatile Organic Compound Analysis (1997)
  Alan D. Hewitt, Special Report 97-11
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• Preservation of Soil Samples for Volatile Compound Analysis (1999)
  Alan D. Hewitt, Special Report 99-5
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Environmental Systems Management, Analysis and Reporting neTwork
(E-SMART^TM)
General Atomics (GA) has developed an integrated environmental sensing and monitoring system (E-SMART), which connects smart (microprocessor-controlled) sensors into monitoring and control networks. This automated system offers many advantages for characterizing and monitoring environmental contaminants and hydrological parameters.

SCAPS Heavy Metal Sensors
This project conducts side-by-side demonstrations and validations of three different penetrometer-deployed sensors for real-time, in situ field screening of heavy metals in soils: Fiber-optic Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (FO-LIBS), Downhole-Laser LIBS (DL-LIBS), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF).

Demonstration/Validation of Long-Term Monitoring Using Wells Installed by Direct-Push Technologies
This project demonstrates the potential for using direct-push technology (DPT) as a method to significantly reduce the installation and sampling costs associated with long-term monitoring wells.

Direct Push Chemical Sensors for DNAPL and Other VOCs
This project will demonstrate and validate an innovative suite of direct push DNAPL characterization and verification tools designed to rapidly delineate DNAPL contamination in the subsurface.

Fiber Optic Biosensors for Contaminant Monitoring
This field project demonstrates a cost-effective method that allows for low-level detection of individual compounds in real time.