The starting point for any sampling program is the Data Quality Objective (DQO) process, which is a series of planning steps designed to ensure that the type, quantity, and quality of environmental data used in decision making are appropriate. The extent to which valid inferences can be drawn from environmental data depends on the degree to which the sampling effort conforms to the DQOs. DQOs and site conditions will define the specific procedures that will be followed for individual sampling events. The DQO process consists of the following seven steps:
The DQO process should establish the data requirements for the project (for example, quantitation limit requirements may vary significantly for risk assessment work versus identification of contaminated areas). The Matrix is a tool for identifying access, collection, and analysis methods appropriate to meet those requirements. Its purpose is to provide an initial comparison of commercially available technologies to use as a starting point in the technology selection process. Again, the Matrix is to be used as an initial screening tool and is not intended as a decision document.
Cost control is a primary focus of site characterization efforts, and performing the characterization quickly can reduce total cost. The Accelerated Site Characterization process strives for characterizing a site in one mobilization effort. This process can save time and money if properly planned and executed. A description of an accelerated site characterization process is provided in Appendix A.
An additional source of information concerning available technologies is the EPA Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization Technology System (Vendor FACTS) database. The software is available free of charge to the public (at http://clu-in.com/vfacts1.htm) and contains information provided by vendors on technologies that meet the following criteria: (1) fieldable technologies - portable or transportable equipment for on-site monitoring, screening, and analysis of hazardous substances (equipment used for collecting samples for off-site analysis will not be considered); (2) technologies to monitor and characterize contaminated sites, not industrial process waste streams; and (3) technologies that fall into specific categories.
Once the DQO process is complete, users can then review the Matrix to develop a short list of technologies that will meet those requirements. A subsequent review of these technologies in the Reference Guide may provide further discriminating factors and lists references for additional information.
Once adequate information has been obtained on each candidate technology, final technology selection can begin, taking into consideration the following factors as appropriate:
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