Sample Analysis Tools

FIELD SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGIES MATRIX: SAMPLE ANALYSIS TOOLS
Italics Most commonly used field techniques from Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques EPA 625-R-93-003 See Legend below for explanation, or switch to the text-based version. Technique / Instrumentation		Media				Applicable To

6 SAMPLE ANALYSIS TOOLS for VOCs, SVOCs, and Pesticides (e.g. TPH, PCBs)
6.1 In-Situ Analysis
6.1.1 Solid / Porous Fiber Optic	11	E					I	No
6.1.2 Laser Induced Fluorescence	5, 11			NA			III	Yes
6.2 Ex-Situ Analysis
6.2.1 Photo-Ionization Detector	1, 3	E	E				III	No
6.2.2 Flame-Ionization Detector	1-3	E	E				III	No
6.2.3 Explosimeter	1	E	E				III	No
6.2.4 Gas chromatography (GC) plus detector	1-6, 11	E	E				III	No
6.2.5 Catalytic Surface Oxidation	1,3	E	E				III	No
6.2.6 Detector Tubes	1,3	E	E				III	No
6.2.7 Mass Spectrometry (MS)	1-6	E	E				II	No
6.2.8 GC / MS	1-6	E	E				III	Yes
6.2.9 GC/Ion Trap MS	1-6	E	E				II	No
6.2.10 Ion Trap MS	1-6	E	E				II	No
6.2.11 Ion Mobility Spectrometer	1-4, 6	E	E				II	No
6.2.12 Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence	1, 3, 5						II	No
6.2.13 Synchronous Luminescence/Fluorescence	1-4	E					I	No
6.2.14 UV-Visible Spectrophotometry	1, 3, 5	E					I	No
6.2.15 Infrared Spectroscopy	1-4	E	E				II	No
6.2.16 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy	1, 3, 11	E	E				II	No
6.2.17 Scattering / Absorption LIDAR	1, 3	E	E				I	No
6.2.18 Raman Spectroscopy/Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)	1-5, 11	E		E			II	No
6.2.19 Near IR Reflectance/Transmittance Spectroscopy	1, 3		NA	NA			I	No
6.2.20 Immunoassay Colorimetric Kits	1-6, 11			NA			II	Yes
6.2.21 Amperometric and Galvanic Cell Sensor	1, 3	E	NA				II	No
6.2.22 Semiconductor Sensors	1, 3	E					I	No
6.2.23 Piezoelectric Sensors	1, 3	E	E				I	No
6.2.24 Field Bioassessment	1-6				NA		II	No
6.2.25 Toxicity Tests	1-6				NA		II	No
6.2.26 Room-Temperature Phosphorimetry	4, 5, 6, 12 (PCBs)						I	No
6.2.27 Chemical Colorimetric Kits	2, 4, 5, 11			NA			II	No
6.2.28 Free Product Sensors	11	NA		NA			III	No
6.2.29 Ground Penetration Radar	11			NA			I	No
6.2.30 Thin-Layer Chromatography	2	E		NA			II	No
7 SAMPLE ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR METALS
7.1 EX-SITU ANALYSIS
7.1.1 Atomic Absorption (AA) Spectroscopy	7	E	E				I	No
7.1.2 Inductively-Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)	7	E	E				I	No
7.1.3 X-Ray Fluorescence	7			E			III	Yes
7.1.4 Chemical Colorimetric Kits	7, 9			NA			II	Yes
7.1.5 Titrimetry Kits	7, 9			NA			III	No
7.1.6 Immunoassay Colorimetric Kits	7, 12 (Hg)			NA			II	Yes
7.1.7 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry	7	E		NA			II	No
7.1.8 Fluorescence Spectrophotometry	7, 12 (Hg)	E	E				II	No
7.1.9 Amperometric and Galvanic Cell Sensor	7	E		NA			II	No
7.1.10 Field Bioassessment	7, 9				NA		II	No
7.1.11 Toxicity Tests	7, 9				NA		II	No
7.1.12 Ion Chromatrography	7	E		NA			I	No
8 RADIONUCLIDES
8.1 IN-SITU ANALYSIS
8.1.1 Gamma Radiation	8						I	No
8.2 EX-SITU ANALYSIS
8.2.1 Radiation Detectors	8						III	No
8.2.2 Gamma Ray Spectrometry	8						III	No
8.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	8						I	No
8.2.4 Piezocone Magnetic Meter	8						I	No
8.2.5 Field Bioassessment	8				NA		II	No
8.2.6 Toxicity Tests	8				NA		II	No
9 EXPLOSIVES
9.1 EX-SITU ANALYSIS
9.1.1 Gas chromatography (GC) plus detector	10	E	E				II	No
9.1.2 Mass Spectrometry	10	E	E				II	No
9.1.3 GC / MS	10	E	E				II	No
9.1.4 Ion Mobility Spectrometer	10	E	E				I	No
9.1.5 Field Bioassessment	10				NA		II	No
9.1.6 Toxicity Tests	10				NA		II	No
9.1.7 Chemical Colorimetric Kits	10	E		NA			III	No
9.1.8 Immunoassay Colorimetric Kits	10	E		NA			III	No

Media and/or Applicable To		Better		Adequate	Serviceable
Media and/or Applicable To	NA	Not applicable	E	Requires selection of extraction procedure	Serviceable
Selectivity		Measures the specific contaminant directly		Measures the contaminant indirectly	Measures a part of the compound
Susceptibility to Interference		Low		Medium	High
Detection Limits		Low: 100-1000 ppb (soil); 1-50 ppb (water)		Midrange: 10-100ppm (soil); 0.5-10ppm (water)	High: 500+ ppm (soil); 100+ ppm (water)
Detection Limits	NA	Not Applicable		Midrange: 10-100ppm (soil); 0.5-10ppm (water)	High: 500+ ppm (soil); 100+ ppm (water)
Turn Around Time per Sample		Minutes		Hours	More than a day
Quantitative Data Capability		Produces Quantitative Data		Data is quantitative with additional effort	Does not produce Quantitative data
Technology Status	III II I	Commercially available and routinely used field technology Commercially available technology with moderate field experience Commercially available technology with limited field experience
Certification / validation	Yes No	Technology has participated in CalEPA certification and/or CSCT verification program Technology has not participated in CalEPA certification and/or CSCT verification program
Relative Cost per Analysis		Least expensive		Mid-range expensive	Most expensive

1- Non-halogenated volatile organics	5- Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	9- Other inorganics (asbestos, cyanide, fluorine)
2- Non-halogenated semivolatile organics	6- Pesticides / Herbicides	10- Explosives
3- Halogenated volatile organics	7- Metals	11- Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
4- Halogenated semivolatile organics	8- Radionuclides	12- Specific analyte (named in matrix)

Appendix E

FRTR Field Sampling and Analysis Guide

Legend

Analytes